Baca Juga
The revolution era (1640-1660)
v January 30, 1649, Charles Stuart, the dethroned king Charles I, set of across St. James park for his execution, surrounded by a heavy guard.
v The execution of Charles I was understood at the time, Historian do not agree over what caused “the English revolution/ the English civil war”.
v The revisionist emphasize instead short term and avoid causes of the war
v Personal idiosyncrasies and poor decision made by a small group of individuals.
v 20 year between 1640 and 1660 saw the emergence of concepts central to bourgeois liberal thought for centuries to come: religious toleration, separation of church and state, freedom from press censorship, and popular sovereignty.
v 1641, Charles sought to arrest five members of parliament for treason, and Londoners rose in arm against him.
v On July 12, 1642, parliament voted to raise an army.
v On August 22 the king stood before the force of two thousand horse and foot at Nottingham.
v In the first civil war (1642-46), parliament and the Presbyterian clergy that supported it had limited aim.
v 1643 toleration controversy revealed: The Presbyterians wanted a nation Presbyterian Church, with dissenters punished and silenced as before; Congregationalists, independents, Baptists, and other separatists opposed a national church and pressed for some measure of toleration.
v In Aeropagitica (1644), john Milton argues vigorously against press censorship and for toleration of most protestant-but for him. Robert Herrick and Sir Thomas Browne regarded catholic rites, and even some pagan one, indulgently but could not stomach the puritan zeal.
v In 1648, after a period of negotiation and a brief second civil war, the king’s army was definitively defeated.
v In 1653 power affectively devolved upon Cromwell, who was sworn in as lord protector for life under England’s first written constitution.
v When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, his son, Richard, was appointed in his place, but he had inherited none of his father’s leadership qualities.
v On May 8, 1660, the new parliament immediately recalled the exiled prince, officially proclaiming the king Charles II.
v In 1660 General gorge Monck succeeded in calling elections for a new “full and free” parliament, open to supporters of the monarchy as well as of the republic.
v In 1660 the English revolution was apparently dismantled.
