Baca Juga
Pragmatics
- The meaning
Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance such as generally observe principles of communication and the goals of the speaker. On the other hands the field of pragmatics is a practical way of looking at how language works and how it is used by people. Some of the particular language that produced by participants whose language use is determined by their social relationships, profession, age, the subject matter and the setting (place and time) of the situation is called register. The focus of pragmatics is how language (complete communicative stretches) is used in social situations. The aim of pragmatics is not for analysis the internal structure of linguistic units but approaches language from the external environment. The same utterance gains different interpretations under different circumstances.
- Speech Acts
Speech acts are truly situation-specific utterances; they are the basic units of communication. It can be concluded that language we use are direct and indirect speech acts. This is the point where pragmatics becomes important, because it examines the intricate network of human communication. The extension of speech acts is commonly taken to include such acts as promising, ordering, greeting, warning, inviting someone and congratulating. Speech acts can be analysed on three levels, the first a locutionary act, the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic acts corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance. The second is an illocutionary act, the semantic of the utterance, thus its real intended meaning and in certain cases a further. The third is perlocutionary act, its actual effect, such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring or to getting someone to do or realize something.
· Cooperative Principles
In some particular conversation, the speaker have intention to the hearer the speaker wants to put forward ideas / pass on information and the speaker wants the hearer to understand the message or the hearer wants to understand the speaker’s information and wants to see why it is sent to them. It called cooperation in the communicative situation. Communication is either direct or indirect; however, people are good at interpreting indirectly communicated messages; we apply certain strategies in doing so. Communication is not only language-related; it also contains cultural elements, which are to be learnt by the learner of a language.
